According to the radiograph of the chest, the boundaries of the heart are formed:

• The right border of the heart is the superior vena cava, the right atrium. The anterior wall of the heart is the right ventricle.
• Left border of the heart – aortic arch, left pulmonary artery, left atrium, left ventricle
• The lower border of the heart is the left ventricle.

• The right border extends between the margin of the third right costal cartilage to the sixth right costal cartilage just to the right of the sternum.
• The left border extends between the fifth left intercostal space to the second left costal cartilage.
• The inferior border extends from the sixth right costal cartilage to the fifth left intercostal space at the midclavicular line.
• The superior border extends from the inferior margin of the second left costal cartilage to the superior margin of the third costal cartilage.

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SAVED VTE Score

January 11, 2023

SAVED score for venous thromboembolism risk stratification in patients with multiple myeloma receiving immunomodulators.

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Date

Student name

Group, faculty

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• Opening the consultation

Wash your hands and don PPE if appropriate

Introduce yourself to the patient including your name and role

Confirm the patient's name and date of birth

Explain the reason for the consultation

Obtain consent for counseling and care

• Availability of a defibrillator

Provide the availability of a defibrillator

Start ECG monitoring

• Presenting complaint

Use open questioning to explore the patient’s presenting complaint

• History of presenting complaint

Site: ask where the pain is

Onset: clarify when the pain first started and if it came on suddenly or gradually

Character: ask the patient to describe how the pain feels

Radiation: ask if the pain moves anywhere else

Associated symptoms: ask if there are any other associated symptoms

Time course: ask how the pain has changed over time

Exacerbating or relieving factors: ask if anything makes the pain worse or better

Severity: ask how severe the pain is on a scale of 0-10

• Past medical history

Screen for conditions that may be associated with chest pain

Ask about other medical diagnoses and previous surgical history

Ask if the patient has any allergies and if so, clarify what kind of reaction they had to the substance

• Drug history

Ask the patient is currently taking any prescribed medications or over-the-counter remedies

Ask the patient if they’re experiencing any side effects from their medication

• Physical examination

Assessment of general condition and vital functions according to the ABCDE algorithm

Visual assessment of the color of the skin, the presence of swelling of the cervical veins, and edema

Assessment of the state of the cardiovascular system

Assessment of the state of the respiratory system

Pulse oximetry to determine blood oxygen saturation (normal ≥ 95%)

Oxygen therapy (supporting saturation over 94-95%)

• Intravenous access

Intravenous access

Starting the infusion of Ringer's lactate solution

• Registration of a 12-channel ECG

Recording ECG

Assess the presence/absence of pathological ST-elevation according to formal STEMI criteria

Exclusion of other causes of benign ST-elevation in the presence of such ST-elevation – to exclude a possible non-coronary or acute coronary origin: early ventricular repolarization syndrome, left ventricular aneurysm, secondary ST-changes in LVH, recording artifacts, and others

Assessment of additional ECG patterns and conditions that may be caused by critical coronary artery occlusion (STEMI-equivalents) – in the absence of ST-elevation - make sure that there are no other signs of coronary artery occlusion (STEMI equivalents)

Identification of the localization of myocardial ischemia

Assess for the presence of right ventricular myocardial infarction

• Express test for the determination of cardiac troponin, myoglobin, creatine phosphokinase-MB, if possible

The timing of the increase in markers of myocardial damage

Analysis of other causes that may lead to increased markers of myocardial necrosis

• Making preliminary diagnosis

Criteria for ACS with ST-segment elevation (STEMI)

STEMI Equivalents

Localization

Killip score

• Drug therapy (basic)

Acetylsalicylic acid

Anticoagulant

Nitroglycerin

Beta-blocker

Administering solutions as needed

Pain relief

Midozalom administration for cocaine-induced STEMI

Concomitant therapy as needed

• Evaluation of the door-balloon time (the choice of further reperfusion strategy aimed as soon as possible to restore the coronary blood flow in the infarct-dependent artery)

Primary PCI

Hospital thrombolysis followed by PCI

• Call the nearest reperfusion center

Activation of the intervention team of the reperfusion center

• P2Y12 receptor inhibitor prescription depending on the chosen strategy of reperfusion therapy

Choice of P2Y12 inhibitor for medical care

• Carrying out thrombolytic therapy as needed

Criteria for selecting patients for thrombolytic therapy

Evaluation of success criteria for fibrinolytic therapy

Choice of the drug for thrombolysis

Assessment of absolute contraindications for thrombolysis

Assessment of relative contraindications for thrombolysis

• Transportation to the nearest reperfusion center

Analysis of delays in the medical care of a patient with acute coronary syndrome

Monitoring of vital signs during the transfer

Pain management as needed

Reporting in the emergency department of the hospital during the patient's hospitalization

Total

Result:

Total: 0 / 62

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Additional materials: https://clincasequest.hospital/chest-pain-history-taking/ https://clincasequest.hospital/pericarditis/ https://clincasequest.hospital/stephen-smiths-formula/ https://clincasequest.hospital/wellens-syndrome/ https://clincasequest.hospital/aslangers-pattern/ Register on our website right…

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